Guardians of the Soil: How Indigenous Wisdom Holds the Key to Global Land Restoration
Ancient wisdom holds sustainable solutions to the global soil crisis.
Imagine a world where the very ground beneath our feet is failing us. Across the globe, land degradation has reached alarming proportions, with one-third of the world’s topsoil already lost, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Some studies estimate that we are losing soil 50 to 100 times faster than it can regenerate, given that it takes approximately 1,000 years to form just half a centimeter of healthy soil. This crisis poses a direct threat to food security, climate stability, and ecosystems, impacting billions of lives and our collective future.
Healthy soil is the foundation of life, supporting 95% of our food, acting as a carbon sink, and housing a quarter of the planet’s biodiversity. Yet, industrial agriculture—with its reliance on synthetic inputs and monoculture farming—has eroded soil fertility, disrupted ecosystems, and heightened vulnerability to erosion and drought, fueling a cycle of degradation that accelerates climate change and biodiversity loss.
But there is hope. For millennia, Indigenous communities have nurtured a profound understanding of their ecosystems, developing agricultural and soil management practices that work in harmony with nature. This ancient wisdom holds the key to restoring soil health and building a sustainable future.
This article journeys across continents, showcasing Indigenous soil management practices—from Sahel’s Great Green Wall and Ethiopia’s terraces to the Amazon’s terra preta, Asia’s rice terraces, and Australia’s fire-tended landscapes. These stories reveal not only practical solutions to soil degradation but also a call to challenge the industrial paradigm and rethink our relationship with the earth.
Join us as we explore how Indigenous wisdom offers transformative solutions for reclaiming soil health and combating climate change.
Africa - The Wisdom of the Sahel and the Ethiopian Highlands
Reclaiming the Sahel: A Green Wall of Hope
The Sahel, a semi-arid region stretching across Africa, has long faced the relentless advance of the desert, exacerbated by climate change and unsustainable land use. But amidst this challenge, a beacon of hope has emerged—the Great Green Wall. This ambitious initiative aims to restore degraded lands by creating a mosaic of vegetation stretching across the entire continent, but at its heart are the long forgotten practices of the local communities. For generations, communities here practiced a method that is called Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR).
Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR)
This approach, championed by farmers across the Sahel, isn't about planting trees but rather nurturing and protecting the ones that naturally sprout on their lands. Instead of costly and resource-intensive tree planting, FMNR empowers farmers to choose which naturally occurring seedlings to keep, and then protect them from grazing and cutting. Through a conscious effort of pruning and selecting, these farmers encourage the growth of trees and shrubs which in turn improve soil fertility, reduce erosion, and even enhance water infiltration. Farmers who are using FMNR are seeing that crops thrive, and their livelihoods are revitalized. Take, for instance, Fatou, a farmer from Senegal: “Before, the land was dry and the crops were failing. But by encouraging these trees, the soil has become rich again. This is how we can survive.”
Zai Pits
A Simple Solution with Powerful Impact: Further east, in Burkina Faso and Niger, communities have revived a traditional planting technique known as "Zai." These small pits, dug into the dry earth, are where farmers place manure and seeds. The Zai pits concentrate moisture and nutrients, creating micro-environments that are conducive to plant growth. In a region where rain is infrequent and unpredictable, this simple innovation makes all the difference. The farmers are not using modern techniques to irrigate the crops, but rather are relying on the power of nature itself. When rain does come, it is able to penetrate the soil and be saved within the Zai pits. This also works to combat soil degradation by preventing wind and water erosion of topsoil.
While FMNR and Zai pits are incredibly powerful, their implementation at scale faces many challenges: The lack of access to resources, limited political will, and the need for long-term investment, just to name a few. However, when supported by local knowledge and community-led initiatives, the hope is that they can be very successful. This will allow communities to take back their lands and ensure their own long-term sustainability.
The Ancient Terraces of Ethiopia: Working in Harmony with the Highlands
In the rugged highlands of Ethiopia, where steep slopes dominate the landscape, generations of farming communities have developed sophisticated systems of terrace farming that not only sustain their livelihoods, but also protect the soil and water resources of the region. The landscape in the Ethiopian highlands can look very similar to that of other mountainous regions, with eroded land and deep gullies, however, in other areas, this beautiful terrain is covered by terraces of lush green fields.
Terrace Farming for Soil Conservation
These skillfully constructed terraces transform steep inclines into level plots, effectively slowing down water runoff, preventing soil erosion, and allowing rainwater to seep into the ground to replenish water tables. This careful work allows farmers to make use of very difficult land for growing crops. The terraces are not just physical structures but also intricate living systems. The farmers understand the importance of soil and are working to conserve it for future generations. The terraces allow farmers to keep soil that would have otherwise been washed away on their land and prevent soil degradation.
Native Grasses and Vetiver for Soil Stabilization
Local wisdom is further applied through contour farming, using native grasses like guassa and vetiver to further stabilize the soil. These grasses, planted along the edges of terraces and on contour lines, act as natural barriers, preventing soil from being washed away during heavy rains and helping to build up soil health. The root systems of these grasses hold the soil together, preventing erosion, while also acting like sponges by allowing water to slowly filter into the ground. These carefully selected and managed species not only help prevent erosion, but they also enrich the soil with organic matter.
The resilience of the agricultural systems in the Ethiopian highlands highlights the importance of community-owned and managed approaches to land stewardship. These are not just individual efforts, but rather are the result of communities working together. The understanding of local knowledge systems combined with natural features, allows for the creation of systems that will continue to regenerate and grow the lands for generations to come.
North America - The Resilience of Native American and First Nations Practices
The Harmony of the Three Sisters: Food Systems in Balance
In the heartlands of North America, generations before the arrival of European colonizers, Indigenous peoples cultivated sophisticated food systems deeply rooted in an understanding of ecological balance. Among these, the “Three Sisters” method stands out as a powerful example of agricultural wisdom. This approach, practiced by various Native American tribes, is more than just planting; it’s a carefully choreographed dance between corn, beans, and squash that creates a self-sustaining, soil-enriching, and nutrient-rich ecosystem.
The Interconnectedness of Corn, Beans, and Squash
The magic of the Three Sisters lies in their interconnectedness. The corn, which acts as a natural trellis, provides support for the climbing beans. The beans, in turn, fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and add this vital nutrient to the soil, naturally fertilizing the corn and squash. Finally, the large leaves of the squash plants act as a living mulch, suppressing weeds and conserving soil moisture, all while shading the root systems of the other two plants. By working together, these three crops create a self-sustaining system that enhances soil health, improves water management, and provides a diverse and nutritious diet. This is not just sustainable agriculture; it’s a model of ecological partnership. "For our ancestors," explains an elder from the Ho-Chunk Nation, "the Three Sisters were not just food; they were sacred gifts from the earth, teaching us the importance of balance and reciprocity."
Variations Across Tribes and Landscapes
While the core concept of the Three Sisters remains the same, different tribes have adapted this method to their specific environments and cultural practices. Some tribes include sunflowers, which further enrich the soil and provide additional benefits. Others have modified the planting patterns to account for rainfall, terrain, or local soil conditions. This adaptability highlights the depth of Indigenous knowledge and the understanding of nuanced ecosystems. From the arid landscapes of the Southwest to the fertile fields of the Eastern woodlands, the wisdom of the Three Sisters continues to nourish communities today.
The Three Sisters is not just a farming technique, it's a story of how the Earth provides. In a time when monocropping is the norm, it provides a blueprint for how Indigenous communities can work in harmony with the land to not only produce food, but also nurture soil health and biodiversity. The understanding of the Earth and its systems allows communities to work in unison with the planet, not in conflict.
Controlled Burning for Ecosystem Restoration: The Native American Tradition
For thousands of years, Native American tribes across the continent have used fire as a tool for ecosystem management, recognizing its crucial role in maintaining healthy landscapes. This isn't about wildfires which cause massive destruction, but rather carefully controlled burns, or cultural burns, that enhance soil nutrient cycling, reduce the risk of destructive fires, and promote the growth of diverse and resilient ecosystems. This Indigenous knowledge contrasts greatly with modern perspectives about the role of fire.
The Role of Controlled Burns
Unlike uncontrolled wildfires, which are often destructive, cultural burns are carefully planned and executed to mimic natural fire cycles. These controlled fires, set during specific times of the year when conditions are safe, consume dry brush and undergrowth, which helps to clear the area and allow for new vegetation to take root. They also help to unlock nutrients locked up in dead plant matter, enriching the soil and creating optimal conditions for native plants to thrive. In California, some tribal members say they are using this traditional practice to help return the forest to its former glory.
Reviving Indigenous Fire Regimes
Colonization and fire suppression policies disrupted Indigenous burning practices, leading to the accumulation of dry brush and an increase in large, destructive wildfires. The impact has been devastating, leading to a dramatic loss of biodiversity, increased soil erosion, and a heightened risk of major fires. Now, recognizing the shortcomings of modern fire management approaches, and guided by Indigenous expertise, some organizations and government bodies are partnering with Native American communities to reintroduce cultural burns as a means of restoring ecosystem health, and improving forest and soil health. This is a hopeful collaboration that is working to right a historic wrong.
Cultural burning is more than a simple land management practice; it is deeply rooted in a spiritual and cultural connection to the land. It's about acknowledging the role that humans play in the natural world, while understanding the importance of returning fire to the land as a vital force for renewal.
First Nations Agroforestry Practices: Integrating Knowledge into Reforestation
Across Canada, First Nations communities are at the forefront of reforestation efforts, blending traditional ecological knowledge with modern science to create vibrant, diverse, and healthy forest ecosystems. Rather than viewing forests as a resource to be exploited, First Nations peoples see forests as a living and interconnected web of life that requires careful tending and respect. Their approach to reforestation is not simply about planting trees, but about cultivating relationships with the land and ensuring the long-term health and resilience of the forest.
Integrating Traditional Practices into Reforestation
First Nations communities are integrating traditional practices into reforestation projects. This includes the planting of native trees and shrubs which support the regeneration of soils. Rather than focusing on a monocrop of fast-growing trees, they are working to re-establish the variety of plants that were once a thriving part of the ecosystem. First Nations communities use their deep knowledge of local species and their growth patterns, and ensure that new plants grow to be resilient. Their approaches ensure that forests are not only restored, but also become more resilient to future climate stresses.
Improving Soil Health and Biodiversity
The integration of Indigenous knowledge into reforestation projects leads to significant improvements in soil health, biodiversity, and ecosystem function. By planting a diversity of native plants, they help to improve nutrient cycling, enhance soil structure, and attract pollinators and other beneficial organisms. These restored forests not only sequester carbon but also become important habitats for wildlife. They also become critical spaces that provide culturally significant products, and a sustainable economy for communities.
The work of the First Nations communities demonstrates the powerful synergy that can be achieved when we respect and value traditional knowledge. Their understanding of the land, combined with modern scientific approaches, helps to rebuild thriving ecosystems that serve both people and the planet.
South America - The Ancient Soils of the Amazon and the Ingenuity of the Andes
Terra Preta: Recreating Ancient Fertility in the Amazon
Deep within the Amazon rainforest, a region often associated with fragile soils and nutrient scarcity, lies a remarkable secret: terra preta, or “black earth.” This dark, rich soil is not a product of nature alone; rather, it’s a testament to the ingenuity of pre-Columbian Indigenous peoples who, for centuries, cultivated and enriched the soil using sophisticated techniques. Terra preta stands as a living example of how human activity, when guided by ecological understanding, can enhance soil health and create resilient ecosystems. In contrast, modern day attempts at industrial agriculture in the amazon often create land that is unable to be farmed in the long term.
The Secrets of Terra Preta
Unlike the naturally occurring soils of the Amazon, which are typically low in nutrients and organic matter, terra preta is remarkably fertile and carbon-rich. This is because it was intentionally created by Indigenous communities who added a mixture of biochar (charcoal produced by burning organic matter in a low-oxygen environment), pottery shards, animal bones, manure, and other organic waste to the soil. These additions not only enrich the soil with nutrients but also improve its water-holding capacity and create an ideal environment for beneficial soil microorganisms to thrive. The complex mixture means the soil is able to not only grow a variety of plants, but also holds carbon for the long term. The Indigenous people created a way to improve soils in even the most difficult areas, which is truly remarkable.
Reviving Terra Preta for Modern Challenges
In the face of modern soil degradation and climate change, the ancient techniques used to create terra preta are being revived by communities and scientists alike. Modern methods are using the principles of adding biochar and other organic matter to depleted soils. Research suggests that terra preta-like soils can store significantly more carbon than conventional soils, making them a potential tool for climate change mitigation. The knowledge passed down through generations in this case provides hope for the future and can provide inspiration for communities around the globe. The Indigenous methods are a model of regenerative practices and the power of learning from the past.
Terra preta demonstrates the incredible potential of human-made soils. In contrast to destructive practices, this is a shining example of how human intervention can transform degraded areas into thriving ecosystems, and help restore the earth to a healthy and productive place. The power of this historic technique inspires us to continue learning from the wisdom of the past.
Waru Waru: Raised Bed Wisdom of the Andes
High in the rugged Andes Mountains, where freezing temperatures and intense rainfall pose significant challenges to agriculture, Indigenous communities have developed a remarkable system of raised-bed farming known as waru waru. This ingenious method, dating back thousands of years, not only enhances soil fertility and improves drainage but also provides a unique way to manage water resources, prevent frost damage, and extend growing seasons in a very challenging environment. The Andean farmers are an inspiration to all those facing difficult climates.
The Genius of Raised Beds
The waru waru system consists of creating elevated planting beds surrounded by ditches or canals. The raised beds elevate the plants above the cold ground, protecting them from frost damage. The ditches surrounding the beds serve as canals for water management. During heavy rainfall, the canals collect excess water, preventing waterlogging and soil erosion, while also keeping water available to water the crops when needed. The raised beds themselves are made up of layers of soil, organic matter, and other amendments, creating nutrient-rich environments for crops to thrive. This is all done with a deep understanding of how the environment works and how to maintain a healthy soil ecosystem.
A Model of Sustainable Land Management
The waru waru system is not just an agricultural practice; it’s a holistic land management approach that considers the interconnectedness of soil, water, and climate. This way of farming is based on a deep understanding of the ecosystem and a respect for the importance of natural cycles. These systems are more than just a way to grow food; they are a testament to the enduring ingenuity of Indigenous communities who have mastered the art of living in harmony with the challenging environments of the Andes. They are able to adapt to the land, rather than make the land adapt to them.
Waru waru stands as a reminder that ancient practices can often hold the key to modern solutions. The wisdom of these traditions can teach us important lessons about how to build resilience in the face of climate change and the importance of adapting to local ecological conditions. By listening to these communities we can work towards a more sustainable and equitable future.
Asia - The Power of Natural Farming and Tradition
Zero Budget Natural Farming: A Movement Inspired by Tradition
In India, where conventional agriculture has long dominated, a growing movement is taking hold – Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF). This approach, rooted in traditional Indian farming practices, challenges the reliance on expensive inputs and instead emphasizes ecological principles and the use of local resources to regenerate soil health and improve yields. ZBNF is not just a farming method; it's a philosophy that honors the interconnectedness of all living things and champions the knowledge and practices of local communities. This approach is spreading throughout India and is impacting the way communities work with the land.
The Principles of ZBNF
At the heart of ZBNF are a set of core principles that prioritize natural processes and local inputs. Farmers are taught to use local cow dung and urine to create Jeevamrutha, a microbial-rich liquid fertilizer that enhances soil fertility and promotes beneficial microbial activity. Beejamrutha, another locally produced microbial culture, is used to treat seeds before planting, ensuring healthy growth. Crop diversity and intercropping are also essential components of ZBNF, mimicking nature’s own systems to boost soil health, suppress pests, and enhance yields. ZBNF farmers are guided by a strong belief in the power of working with nature, not against it. “We used to believe we needed fertilizers and pesticides to grow a good crop," explains a ZBNF farmer from Andhra Pradesh, "but now I see that all we need is the wisdom of our ancestors and the power of nature."
ZBNF Impact on Soil and Communities
The impact of ZBNF extends far beyond increased yields and improved soil health; it's also empowering communities. ZBNF farmers are reporting significant improvements in soil structure, water retention, and biodiversity, all while reducing their reliance on costly inputs, which frees them from debt and creates a more resilient local economy. As this practice spreads across India, more and more families are seeing their land restored and their futures secured.
Zero Budget Natural Farming is a demonstration of the fact that sustainable agriculture does not have to be costly or complicated. It’s a testament to the enduring power of traditional knowledge and the importance of local solutions. It also teaches an important lesson; sometimes we do not need the most modern technologies to be able to farm, rather, we need to use what we have around us, and what our ancestors have learned in the past.
The Ifugao Rice Terraces: A Testament to Traditional Conservation
In the mountains of the northern Philippines, the Ifugao Rice Terraces stand as a testament to the ingenuity and resourcefulness of Indigenous communities. Carved into the steep slopes of the Cordillera mountain range, these ancient terraces, designated a UNESCO World Heritage site, are a marvel of engineering and ecological design, which demonstrate the power of centuries of traditional knowledge about soil and water management. The terraces are a demonstration of how humans can work in balance with the environment.
Centuries of Sustainable Rice Cultivation
The terraces, built by hand over generations, follow the natural contours of the mountains, creating a complex system of dams, canals, and stone walls that prevent soil erosion and ensure a continuous supply of water to the rice paddies. The terraces rely on a combination of rainwater, springs, and irrigation systems that distribute water across the landscape in a way that nourishes the crops while also conserving water and protecting the soil. The Ifugao community demonstrates that sustainable agriculture is not just about what you grow, but how you manage the land itself. The knowledge used to build this impressive landscape has been passed down for generations, and now the terraces are an integral part of the culture and society.
A Living Cultural Landscape
Beyond their impressive physical structure, the terraces also embody the cultural and spiritual values of the Ifugao people. The rice paddies are not just a place to grow food but also spaces for social gathering, communal labor, and religious ceremonies, all demonstrating a connection to the importance of family and community. The terraces are a landscape that has been meticulously cared for by the Indigenous community for centuries, and it continues to thrive and nourish the people who live there.
The Ifugao Rice Terraces are a reminder of the importance of cultural landscapes. These spaces are not only critical for producing food but are also spaces that demonstrate a balance between human and natural systems. The continued maintenance and protection of these terraces serves as a testament to what can be achieved with a balance of deep traditional knowledge and a respect for the Earth.
Shifting Cultivation in the North East: Adapting to Change
In the lush hills of Northeast India, many Indigenous communities practice a form of agriculture known as jhum or shifting cultivation, which is deeply rooted in their culture and relationship with the land. In this form of agriculture, a plot of land is cleared by cutting down trees, the cut trees are then burned, and crops are grown there for a few years before the land is left fallow to regenerate. While jhum has historically been a sustainable practice when land was abundant, its sustainability is under increasing pressure from population growth and land scarcity. However, in recent years there has been a renewed effort to adapt this practice to modern circumstances and increase its sustainability.
The Traditional Jhum Cycle
Traditionally, farmers would clear a plot of forest, burn the vegetation, and use the ash to fertilize the soil. They would then cultivate the land for a few years before moving on to another plot, allowing the previous area to regenerate naturally. This system relied on a balance between agriculture and forest regeneration, allowing communities to move from one patch of land to another. When land was plentiful, this was a practice that was sustainable and allowed the soil to restore itself.
Adapting Jhum for Sustainability
Modern pressures have created challenges to this model. Population growth and land scarcity have reduced the time between cycles, preventing soils from fully recovering. As a result, some communities are working to adapt jhum to create a more sustainable model. This includes using agroforestry principles, planting nitrogen-fixing trees, creating terraced fields, and utilizing compost. These adaptations emphasize the importance of blending traditional knowledge with innovation and modern strategies, while maintaining a healthy relationship with the land. Indigenous communities recognize that in order to survive, they must both honor their past, while making changes to help create a sustainable future.
The story of jhum agriculture highlights the need for adaptation and change. It also demonstrates the power of Indigenous communities to take agency over their land and innovate based on the needs of the present. It shows that traditional practices must always be adaptive and able to change over time, while still honoring the knowledge of the past.
Australia and Oceania - Fire, Integration, and Coastal Resilience
Fire-Stick Farming: An Ancient Technique of Ecosystem Management
For tens of thousands of years, Aboriginal Australians have skillfully used fire as a tool for land management, a practice known as "fire-stick farming." This isn't about indiscriminate burning; it’s a sophisticated system of carefully controlled burns, guided by a deep understanding of the land and its cycles. Fire-stick farming, far from being destructive, is essential for maintaining biodiversity, promoting healthy ecosystems, and enriching the soil. This Indigenous knowledge challenges the dominant, and often misinformed, western view of fire and its role in natural systems.
The Importance of Cultural Burning
Aboriginal fire-stick farming involves setting low-intensity fires at strategic times of the year, often in the cooler months. These burns consume dry brush and undergrowth, reducing the risk of large, out-of-control wildfires. The ash that results from these burns becomes a natural fertilizer, enriching the soil with essential nutrients. Fire also promotes the germination of certain native plant species and clears space for new growth, increasing biodiversity and creating more resilient ecosystems. This practice maintains healthy grasslands, allowing the grazing animals to flourish. As an Indigenous elder from Northern Australia explained, "Fire is not our enemy. It is our friend, it helps us to keep the land healthy and thriving.”
Reviving Traditional Fire Practices
Colonial policies suppressed Aboriginal fire practices and promoted the idea that fire was destructive, leading to an accumulation of flammable vegetation and an increased risk of catastrophic wildfires. Now, with a growing understanding of the importance of traditional fire regimes, collaborations between Indigenous communities and land managers are working to revive fire-stick farming. These programs are not only helping to restore ecosystems but also empowering Aboriginal communities to reconnect with their cultural heritage and reclaim their role as stewards of the land. Indigenous communities are helping to teach the public about the importance of this practice, and are pushing for policy changes that acknowledge this cultural tradition.
Fire-stick farming demonstrates the power of Indigenous knowledge and its importance for creating healthy and sustainable ecosystems. By observing and understanding the intricate relationships within their landscapes, Aboriginal Australians have developed a powerful tool for working with nature, rather than against it. This practice demonstrates that there is a critical need to understand and appreciate traditional ecological knowledge for long term sustainability.
Land Rehabilitation: Reintegrating Indigenous Plants to Regenerate Soil
Across Australia, Indigenous communities are actively engaged in land rehabilitation projects, restoring degraded ecosystems and revitalizing damaged landscapes through the power of native plants. These projects not only heal the land but also provide an opportunity for cultural revitalization, knowledge sharing, and community empowerment. Rather than simply filling a space with plants, they are working to regenerate the local environment by focusing on native flora and ensuring the long term health of the soil.
The Power of Native Vegetation
Indigenous communities are using their knowledge of local species and their specific ecological roles to select the right plants for each site. These native plants are adapted to local conditions, meaning they thrive without the need for chemical fertilizers or pesticides. The root systems of native plants help to stabilize the soil, prevent erosion, and improve water infiltration. As they grow, these plants also help to build up soil organic matter, making it more fertile and resilient. Rather than planting plants in a haphazard way, Indigenous Australians use their knowledge of traditional flora and understand how to promote long term soil health.
A Holistic Approach to Land Restoration
These land rehabilitation projects involve more than just planting. They often include activities such as controlling invasive species, restoring waterways, and promoting biodiversity, all of which work to rebuild a healthy and self sustaining ecosystem. This holistic approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of all living things and the importance of long term sustainability. By combining their understanding of ecology and the history of the land, Indigenous communities are creating spaces that not only grow plants, but also help restore a sense of cultural pride.
Land rehabilitation in Australia is an example of the deep connection between Indigenous communities and their land. By utilizing their knowledge and traditional practices, Indigenous Australians are showing the power of using local plants and a deep respect for the Earth.
Traditional Agroforestry Systems in the Pacific Islands: Living in Harmony with the Ocean
In the diverse island nations of Polynesia and Melanesia, agroforestry is a time-honored practice where communities combine crops, trees, and other plants in integrated systems that provide food, enhance soil fertility, and protect against coastal erosion. These agroforestry systems, developed over centuries, reflect the deep understanding that island communities have of their unique environment and the importance of working in harmony with the sea. These systems are not just for growing food, but they are a complex web that supports healthy soil, biodiversity, and resilient communities.
Integrating Crops and Trees
A common feature of these agroforestry systems is the cultivation of taro and other root crops under the shade of native trees. The trees provide a vital source of shade which reduces water loss, and the decomposing leaves and organic matter from these trees enriches the soil and helps to protect it from erosion. The trees also help to stabilize the coastal areas, protecting against erosion from the waves and storms. By combining all of these elements, the communities create resilient landscapes that are able to thrive in very challenging climates.
Coastal Resilience
The integration of trees and plants is particularly crucial for coastal protection. These natural barriers help to reduce the impact of storms, waves, and erosion, protecting vulnerable island communities from the effects of climate change. They also protect the soil by preventing it from being washed away into the sea, all while improving soil health and enabling food production in challenging coastal environments. The deep knowledge of these traditional agroforestry systems provides a path to resilience for these communities.
The agroforestry systems of the Pacific Islands demonstrate how Indigenous communities have adapted to their unique environment and created sustainable livelihoods that have endured for centuries. By honoring traditional practices, these communities are both protecting their culture and landscapes, while demonstrating the importance of resilience in the face of a changing climate.
Ahupua'a: A Holistic Approach to Land and Water Management in Hawaii
In the Hawaiian Islands, the traditional Ahupuaʻa system showcases a unique and holistic approach to land and water management, integrating the resources from the mountains to the sea. This system demonstrates the deep understanding that the Native Hawaiians have of their unique ecosystems, showing how to manage resources effectively and sustainably while honoring the sacredness of the land and sea. The system shows that people must look to the past in order to create a sustainable future.
Mountain to Sea Management
The ahupuaʻa are traditionally wedge shaped land divisions, which often extend from the mountain to the coast. Each division contains all the resources required for a community to thrive, including forests, agriculture, freshwater sources, and access to the sea. These systems allow for communities to sustainably manage each aspect of their land and make decisions that impact the entire division. This system is built on the principle that all aspects of the environment are interconnected, and that each part must be taken care of in order for the whole to be healthy.
Restoring Traditional Systems
In modern times, the traditional ahupuaʻa systems have been disrupted. The native plants and animals have been replaced with introduced species, and the traditional resource management strategies are being lost. Indigenous communities, however, are working to restore these systems and help to bring them back into balance. By restoring the natural cycles, these communities are building resilience to climate change, which helps to secure their long term sustainability.
The ahupuaʻa system is more than just a land management system; it's a reflection of the Native Hawaiian values of mālama (to care for) and aloha ʻāina (love for the land). It's a reminder that we must respect the sacredness of the earth and understand the interconnectedness of our ecosystems in order to create a sustainable future. This model shows that it is possible for communities to both use and protect the natural world if they have the knowledge, care, and respect that is needed to do so.
Europe and Aotearoa - Revival in Peatlands, Silvopasture and Raupatu
Restoring Peatlands in Scotland: Traditional Practices and Carbon Storage
The peatlands of Scotland, often overlooked, are vast carbon reservoirs, acting as a crucial natural defense against climate change. These waterlogged landscapes, formed by the accumulation of partially decayed plant matter, have long been important for the ecology of the region. However, centuries of drainage and unsustainable land management have degraded these precious ecosystems, releasing vast amounts of stored carbon. Today, communities in Scotland are working to restore these peatlands, drawing on traditional knowledge and local practices to bring these vital ecosystems back to life. They are learning to respect the land, and understanding that working with nature is the key to ensuring its sustainability.
The Importance of Peatlands
Peatlands are important ecosystems that act as a carbon sink by storing vast amounts of atmospheric carbon for long periods of time, and they also provide crucial habitats for biodiversity. These unique landscapes, with their waterlogged soils and distinctive plant life, are often not seen as useful, and their importance for the planet is not well known. As the effects of the climate crisis deepen, the need for peatland restoration has never been more urgent. This is an opportunity for traditional practices to be used to help combat climate change.
Traditional Knowledge for Restoration
The traditional ways of managing these lands is now being understood as the key to restoration, and the local knowledge of the area is being increasingly seen as important in the modern world. This approach emphasizes the importance of working with nature rather than trying to dominate it. Rather than focusing on the most technologically advanced method, they are working with what the communities have always known, and are now showing that these techniques are still very useful for maintaining the planet's health. Through the use of traditional methods of water management, communities are learning that peatlands can be restored and will be very important in the global fight against climate change.
Restoring peatlands in Scotland highlights the importance of connecting to the history of the land, and respecting local knowledge. Communities in Scotland are taking the lead and demonstrating the power of traditional practices to help heal the earth and combat climate change. They have always known the importance of working with the land, and now they are leading the way for other communities as well.
Dehesa System of Spain: Integration of Livestock and Trees
In the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, the dehesa system stands as a model of sustainable land management. This unique agroforestry system, shaped over centuries by traditional practices, integrates livestock grazing, forestry, and crop cultivation to create landscapes that are both highly productive and exceptionally biodiverse. The dehesa demonstrates that when humans work with nature, rather than trying to work against it, it is possible to support the health of the ecosystem and the community at the same time.
The Interconnectedness of the Dehesa
The dehesa is characterized by the integration of open woodlands, primarily of oak trees, with grasslands and cultivated areas. Livestock, such as Iberian pigs, sheep, and cattle, graze freely beneath the trees, benefiting from the shade and foraging on acorns and other natural vegetation. This free grazing helps prevent the accumulation of dry fuel, reducing the risk of wildfires. The trees, in turn, provide shade and reduce soil erosion. Crops are also grown in the open areas, creating a rich and diverse mosaic of land use that supports both ecological health and economic productivity. This demonstrates the power of working with natural processes and understanding the role each aspect plays in a healthy and resilient system.
A Cultural and Ecological Treasure
The dehesa is not only an agricultural practice, but also a cultural and ecological treasure, representing a deep connection between people and the land. In a modern world focused on profit and exploitation, the dehesa model provides an alternative which demonstrates the importance of traditional knowledge and sustainable practices.
The dehesa is a testament to the power of integrated land management systems. This long-lasting approach has shown that it is possible to produce food and support local livelihoods while also preserving biodiversity and supporting the long-term health of the soil. The dehesa shows that traditional practices can provide inspiration for sustainable practices around the globe.
Raupatu: Indigenous ways of building healthy soil in Aotearoa (New Zealand)
In Aotearoa (New Zealand), Māori communities are revitalizing their traditional methods for soil enrichment, often referred to as raupatu. These practices, rooted in centuries of ecological understanding, emphasize the importance of using organic materials and working in harmony with nature to build healthy and resilient soils. The concept of raupatu, which translates to combining or enriching, is a reminder of the interconnectedness of all life and the need to treat the Earth with respect and care.
The Wisdom of Raupatu
The practice of raupatu typically involves combining a variety of organic materials, such as plant matter, seaweed, wood ash, and compost, to enrich soil fertility. These materials are carefully chosen and applied in ways that mimic natural processes, promoting soil biodiversity and building a rich and fertile growing environment. The use of these ingredients helps to create soils that are not only nutrient-rich, but also have excellent water retention, which makes them ideal for growing a variety of crops. The knowledge that was developed over generations through observation and a deep understanding of natural systems has resulted in a very effective and sustainable way to build healthy soils.
Reclaiming Traditional Practices
As the impacts of colonization have damaged the local ecosystems in Aotearoa, the Māori communities have been working to reclaim their traditional land management practices. In modern times, the emphasis has been on maximizing profits, often at the expense of soil health. Māori communities are challenging these ideas by promoting raupatu and demonstrating the need to shift to methods that are respectful of the Earth, and honor the knowledge of the past. They are demonstrating how traditional practices can contribute to both environmental and social justice. By focusing on sustainability and respect, they are working to show the world how we can work in balance with our planet.
The practice of raupatu is a reminder that the Earth is a sacred entity, and must be treated with care. The knowledge and practices of the Māori communities can guide us to a more sustainable future that is based on collaboration and reciprocity with nature. By looking to traditional knowledge, they have created an effective model for how we can all work together to protect the planet.
Conclusion – A Call to Action and Hope
Our journey through the world's diverse landscapes has brought us face-to-face with the incredible resilience and ingenuity of Indigenous communities who have, for millennia, understood the intricate dance between human activity and the health of the soil. From the revitalized lands of the Sahel, to the ancient terraces of Ethiopia; from the interconnected fields of North America to the fertile earth of the Amazon, we have witnessed first-hand the power of traditional knowledge, passed down through generations, to not only produce food but also nurture biodiversity, combat climate change, and build resilient communities.
In every region, we encountered a distinct story, yet a common theme emerged: a profound understanding of the interconnectedness of all things, a deep respect for the natural world, and a commitment to working in harmony with the earth. Whether it was through the meticulous planning of the Three Sisters, the controlled power of fire-stick farming, or the sustainable management of water in the Ifugao Rice Terraces, each practice demonstrated that humans are not separate from nature, but rather a part of a delicate web of life. The success of these techniques is not from simply applying them randomly, but rather comes from the deep understanding of the local environment, culture, and how to create a reciprocal relationship with the earth.
These aren’t just “ancient techniques”; these are sophisticated systems grounded in a deep understanding of the Earth, developed over countless generations through careful observation and adaptation. And yet, for far too long, this invaluable knowledge has been marginalized or ignored in favour of modern, industrial approaches that have ravaged our soils and depleted our planet. It's time we recognize that the knowledge we seek to heal our planet and address the climate crisis already exists, it's simply a matter of making the space and respect needed for this knowledge to be used and valued.
This brings us to the central theme of this article, and the core mission of Kushoto.org: climate justice. The degradation of the planet is not simply an environmental problem; it is the result of historical and ongoing social injustices, rooted in colonization, exploitation, and the marginalization of Indigenous voices. The communities who have contributed least to the climate crisis are often the same ones who are most impacted. They are the guardians of knowledge that can help save us all. Supporting these communities means more than acknowledging them, but it means ensuring that their land rights are respected, that their voices are heard in policy decisions, and that they have the resources they need to continue their vital work. This must be the foundation for any future decisions that are made regarding climate adaptation.
Our journey ends here, but the story does not. The responsibility for creating a more sustainable and equitable future rests with us all. We must work together to protect Indigenous land rights, support Indigenous-led initiatives, and advocate for policies that prioritize agroecology, sustainable agriculture, and the rights of those who steward the land. We must challenge the narrative that prioritizes profit over people and planet, and demand a paradigm shift towards a system that honours and respects the natural world and all of the communities within it. We must create a space for indigenous knowledge to lead the way, while also empowering modern communities to take charge and restore their local environments.
Let the wisdom of the "Guardians of the Soil" guide us. Let their stories inspire us. Let us all be part of a movement that honors the past, embraces the present, and builds a more just and thriving world for generations to come. Through collective effort, genuine respect for the planet, and an open heart to the lessons of our ancestors, we can heal the earth and create a world in which all life can flourish. The knowledge is out there, and if we allow ourselves to be open to it, the solutions to the climate crisis are within our grasp.
FAQs
1. What is the current state of global soil health?
According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), one-third of the world’s topsoil has already been lost. Some studies estimate that soil is being lost 50 to 100 times faster than it can regenerate, considering it takes approximately 1,000 years to form just half a centimeter of healthy soil.
2. How does industrial agriculture contribute to soil degradation?
Industrial agriculture often relies on synthetic inputs and monoculture farming, which can erode soil fertility, disrupt ecosystems, and increase vulnerability to erosion and drought. These practices fuel a cycle of degradation that accelerates climate change and biodiversity loss.
3. What role does Indigenous knowledge play in land restoration?
Indigenous communities have developed agricultural and soil management practices that work in harmony with nature. Their traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) offers sustainable solutions for restoring soil health and building a sustainable future.
4. Can you provide examples of Indigenous soil management practices?
Examples include:
- Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR): Practiced in the Sahel region, this method involves nurturing naturally occurring tree seedlings to improve soil fertility and reduce erosion.
- Zai Pits: Used in Burkina Faso and Niger, these small pits concentrate moisture and nutrients, creating favorable conditions for plant growth in arid regions.
5. How effective are Indigenous lands in conservation efforts?
Indigenous peoples’ and local community lands cover a third of the earth’s territories. Notably, 91% of these lands are in good or fair ecological condition, highlighting the effectiveness of long-term Indigenous stewardship in managing complex natural environments.
6. What challenges exist in integrating Indigenous practices into modern land restoration efforts?
Challenges include limited access to resources, insufficient political will, and the need for long-term investment. Additionally, there may be cultural and systemic barriers that hinder the recognition and integration of Indigenous knowledge into mainstream restoration initiatives.
Sources
United Nations Environment Programme
Ground zero: why soil health is integral to beating climate change | World Economic Forum
